![]() ![]() Gastrointestinal tract - Wikipedia. Gastrointestinal is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the stomach and intestines. ![]() A tract is a collection of related anatomic structures or a series of connected body organs. The gastrointestinal tract (digestive tract, GI tract, GIT, gut, or alimentary canal) is an organ system within humans and other animals which takes in food, digests it to extract and absorb energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste as feces and urine. The mouth, oesophagus, stomach, and intestines are part of the human alimentary canal. All bilaterians have a gastrointestinal tract, also called a gut or an alimentary canal. This is a tube that transfers food to the organs of digestion. Some small bilaterians have no anus and dispose of solid wastes by other means (for example, through the mouth). The definition of a nutrient is something that provides nourishment, food or substances necessary for growth. Online Medical Dictionary and glossary with medical definitions, a listing. Synonyms for nourishment at Thesaurus.com with free online thesaurus, antonyms, and definitions. Dictionary and Word of the Day. Esophagus definition, a muscular passage connecting the mouth or pharynx with the stomach in invertebrate and vertebrate animals; gullet. ![]() Two segments of 5 to 8 cm section of the middle of the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum were first rinsed with ice-cold normal saline solution (0. ![]() In contrast, the human digestive system comprises the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion (the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder). It is considerably shorter in the living body because the intestines, which are tubes of smooth muscle tissue, maintain constant muscle tone, somewhat like a slinky that maintains itself in a halfway- tense state but can relax in spots to allow for local distention, peristalsis, and so on. These hormones, including gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, and ghrelin, are mediated through either intracrine or autocrine mechanisms, indicating that the cells releasing these hormones are conserved structures throughout evolution. The tract itself is divided into upper and lower tracts, and the intestines small and large parts. This delineates the embryonic borders between the foregut and midgut, and is also the division commonly used by clinicians to describe gastrointestinal bleeding as being of either . Upon dissection, the duodenum may appear to be a unified organ, but it is divided into four segments based upon function, location, and internal anatomy. The four segments of the duodenum are as follows (starting at the stomach, and moving toward the jejunum): bulb, descending, horizontal, and ascending. The suspensory muscle attaches the superior border of the ascending duodenum to the diaphragm. The suspensory muscle is an important anatomical landmark which shows the formal division between the duodenum and the jejunum, the first and second parts of the small intestine, respectively. In humans, the small intestine is further subdivided into the duodenum, jejunum and ileum while the large intestine is subdivided into the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal. Recorder, beckfluto, blockflauta, blockfleita, blokflojte, Blockflöte, blockflöjt, blockflõték, blokfløyte, blokfluit, flauta de pico, flauta doce, flauta dulce. Bile definition, Physiology. It is a tubular structure, usually between 6 and 7 m long. It has three major divisions: Duodenum: A short structure (about 2. The digestive enzymes break down proteins, and bile emulsifies fats into micelles. The duodenum contains Brunner's glands, which produce a mucus- rich alkaline secretion containing bicarbonate. These secretions, in combination with bicarbonate from the pancreas, neutralizes the stomach acids contained in the chyme. Jejunum: This is the midsection of the small intestine, connecting the duodenum to the ileum. It is about 2. 5 m long, and contains the circular folds, and villi that increase its surface area. Products of digestion (sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids) are absorbed into the bloodstream here. Ileum: The final section of the small intestine. It is about 3 m long, and contains villi similar to the jejunum. It absorbs mainly vitamin B1. Large intestine. It also includes the appendix, which is attached to the cecum. The colon is further divided into: Cecum (first portion of the colon) and appendix. Ascending colon (ascending in the back wall of the abdomen)Right colic flexure (flexed portion of the ascending and transverse colon apparent to the liver)Transverse colon (passing below the diaphragm)Left colic flexure (flexed portion of the transverse and descending colon apparent to the spleen)Descending colon (descending down the left side of the abdomen)Sigmoid colon (a loop of the colon closest to the rectum)Rectum. Anus. The main function of the large intestine is to absorb water. The area of the large intestinal mucosa of an adult human is about 2 m. At approximately the sixteenth day of human development, the embryo begins to fold ventrally (with the embryo's ventral surface becoming concave) in two directions: the sides of the embryo fold in on each other and the head and tail fold toward one another. The result is that a piece of the yolk sac, an endoderm- lined structure in contact with the ventral aspect of the embryo, begins to be pinched off to become the primitive gut. The yolk sac remains connected to the gut tube via the vitelline duct. Usually this structure regresses during development; in cases where it does not, it is known as Meckel's diverticulum. During fetal life, the primitive gut is gradually patterned into three segments: foregut, midgut, and hindgut. Although these terms are often used in reference to segments of the primitive gut, they are also used regularly to describe regions of the definitive gut as well. Each segment of the gut is further specified and gives rise to specific gut and gut- related structures in later development. Components derived from the gut proper, including the stomach and colon, develop as swellings or dilatations in the cells of the primitive gut. In contrast, gut- related derivatives — that is, those structures that derive from the primitive gut but are not part of the gut proper, in general develop as out- pouchings of the primitive gut. The blood vessels supplying these structures remain constant throughout development. This layer comes in direct contact with digested food (chyme). The mucosa is made up of: Epithelium – innermost layer. Responsible for most digestive, absorptive and secretory processes. Lamina propria – a layer of connective tissue. Unusually cellular compared to most connective tissue. Muscularis mucosae – a thin layer of smooth muscle that aids the passing of material and enhances the interaction between the epithelial layer and the contents of the lumen by agitation and peristalsis. The mucosae are highly specialized in each organ of the gastrointestinal tract to deal with the different conditions. The most variation is seen in the epithelium. Submucosa. It contains the submucosal plexus, an enteric nervous plexus, situated on the inner surface of the muscularis externa. Muscular layer. The circular layer prevents food from traveling backward and the longitudinal layer shortens the tract. The layers are not truly longitudinal or circular, rather the layers of muscle are helical with different pitches. The inner circular is helical with a steep pitch and the outer longitudinal is helical with a much shallower pitch. This controls peristalsis. Activity is initiated by the pacemaker cells, (myenteric interstitial cells of Cajal). The gut has intrinsic peristaltic activity (basal electrical rhythm) due to its self- contained enteric nervous system. The rate can be modulated by the rest of the autonomic nervous system. Food in the GI tract is called a bolus (ball of food) from the mouth down to the stomach. After the stomach, the food is partially digested and semi- liquid, and is referred to as chyme. In the large intestine the remaining semi- solid substance is referred to as faeces. These include most of the stomach, first part of the duodenum, all of the small intestine, caecum and appendix, transverse colon, sigmoid colon and rectum. In these sections of the gut there is clear boundary between the gut and the surrounding tissue. These parts of the tract have a mesentery. Retroperitoneal parts are covered with adventitia. They blend into the surrounding tissue and are fixed in position. For example, the retroperitoneal section of the duodenum usually passes through the transpyloric plane. These include the esophagus, pylorus of the stomach, distal duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon and anal canal. In addition, the oral cavity has adventitia. Function. Subsequently, 5. Finally, transit through the colon takes 1. For example, low p. H (ranging from 1 to 4) of the stomach is fatal for many microorganisms that enter it. A case in point is the relationship between human gut and Clostridia, one of the most predominant bacterial groups in the gastrointestinal tract. Clostridia play an important role influencing the dynamics of our immune system in the gut. This is due to the production of short- chain fatty acids during the fermentation of plant derived nutrients such as butyrate and propionate. Basically, the butyrate induces the differentiation of Treg cells by enhancing histone H3 acetylation in the promoter and conserved non- coding sequence regions of the Foxp. T cells, having as a result the reduction of the inflammatory response and allergies. Intestinal microbiota. These bacteria also account for the production of gases at host- pathogen interface, inside our intestine(this gas is released as flatulence when eliminated through the anus). However the large intestine is mainly concerned with the absorption of water from digested material (which is regulated by the hypothalamus) and the re absorption of sodium, as well as any nutrients that may have escaped primary digestion in the ileum. These two types of bacteria compete for space and . A ratio of 8. 0- 8. These can include those organisms that cause foodborne illnesses. Gastroenteritis is the most common disease of the GI tract. Diverticular disease is a condition that is very common in older people in industrialized countries. It usually affects the large intestine but has been known to affect the small intestine as well. Diverticulosis occurs when pouches form on the intestinal wall. Once the pouches become inflamed it is known as diverticulitis. Inflammatory bowel disease is an inflammatory condition affecting the bowel walls, and includes the subtypes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Dolmetsch Online - Music Dictionary Ak music dictionary : Ak - Allo. If any detail is incorrect or incomplete please advise us, using our. Their music is divided into several groups based on age. Kilumi is a dance mainly for elderly women and men, mbeni is for young, acrobatic girls and boys while kyaa is for old men and women. Akatamathesiasee 'acatamathesia'Akathist(from the Greek, akathistos, 'not sitting') a hymn dedicated to a saint, holy event, or one of the persons of the Holy Trinity. Roman the Melodist (though this attribution is hotly debated)Akathist from which this entry has been drawn. Akathistos(German m.) acathistus, Marian office in the Orthodox Church. Akathistos Hymnin the Orthodox rite, a hymn of twenty- four strophes (oikoi) sung, all standing, on the Saturday of the fifth week in Lent, in honour of the Virgin Maryakausal(German) noncausal. AKCabbreviation of 'Associate of King's College, London'akeramisch(German) (of a culture, period or site) having no pottery (or no ceramic remains)Aketona padded and quilted garment, usually of linen, worn under or instead of plate or mail. Akhenatenalso spelled Echnaton, Akhnaton, or rarely Ikhnaton, a Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt, who died 1. BC or 1. 33. 4 BCAkhnaton from which this entry has been drawna kil. Akinesia is a term used in neurology to denote the absence (or poverty) of movement. Akinesie(German f.) akinesiaakinetisch(German) akinetic. Akkabbreviation of Akkordeon (German: accordion - accord. They can be traced back to Attila's time when there was a tradition of telling stories by way of speeches accompanied by komuz, a fretless banjo- like instrument. Attila presented the winner his finest cloak and horse. Akzeleration(German f.) accelerationakzelerieren(German) to accelerateakzeleriert(German) accelerated. Akzent (s.), Akzente (pl.)(German m.) accent, stress. Akzentbuchstabe(German m.) accent (character)akzentfrei(German) without any accent, without an accent, with no accent, accent- freeakzentlos(German) accent- free, without an accent, accentless. Akzentneume (s.), Akzentneumen (pl.)(German f.) accent- neume. Akzentschema(German n.) accentual pattern. Akzentstufentakt(German m.) accented bar, accented measure. Akzentton(German m.) pitch accent. Akzentuation(German f.) accentuationakzentuieren(German) to accentuate, to stress, to accentakzentuierend(German) accentuating, accentingakzentuiert(German) accented, accentuated, accentuates, accenting. Akzentuierung(German f.) accentuation. Akzentverschiebung(German f.) change of emphasis. Akzept(German n.) positive answerakzeptabel(German) acceptableakzeptabel(German) acceptable, reasonable, alright (less formal than all right)akzeptabel f. Traditionally small cotton daubs (dollies) were employed to apply ink, but a number of methods are used. While adding colour to just one plate solved registration problems and increased production speed, sharp and precise colour delineation cannot be achieveda la presentaci. It symbolizes the awakening of the dancer. This piece gets rhythmically faster and faster until the climax where the dancer moves all of her body very fast. It is generally seen in the beginning of the barathanatya pieces after the Ganesha Kauvatvam or the Pushpanjali. This dance is set to 3/4 time music and is often accompanied by a drummer and a verbal percussionist. Alarippu from which this information has been taken. Alarm, Alarme (German pl.)(English, German m.) military signal sounded by the trumpet, alarm, alert. Alarma(Spanish f.) alarm. Alarma antirrobo(Spanish f.) burglar alarm. Alarma contra incendios(Spanish f.) fire alarm. Alarma contra intrusos(Spanish f.) intruder alert, intruder alarm. Alarma contra robos(Spanish f.) burglar alarm. Alarma de incendios(Spanish f.) fire alarm. Alarma de humo(Spanish f.) smoke alarm, smoke detectoralarmado (m.), alarmada (f.)(Spanish) alarmed. Alarmanlage(German f.) burglar alarm, alarm, alarm systemalarmante(Spanish) alarmingalarmar(Spanish) to alarm, to frightenalarmarse(Spanish) to be alarmed. Alarmausl. A small panpipe, the rondador, is the style's most distinctive instrument, but ensembles also include groups of wind instruments, guitar trios and brass bands. The rhythms characteristic of this style include cachullapi, yumbo, danzante and sanjuanito. Albdruck(German m.) incubus. Albdr. 3. 9 by Benjamin Britten (1. Guy de Maupassant's story Le Rosier de Madame Husson, and first produced at Glyndebourne in 1. Alberti bassa simple accompaniment consisting of broken chords, usually 'tonic, dominant, mediant, dominant' in succession, named after the Venetian composer Domenico Alberti (c. Dutch) Alberti Bassalbertische B. In the United States the name . The simple system is usually used for Klezmer, Albanian, Armenian, Greek, Turkish, Russian, Czech, and all other forms of traditional folk music. Its advantages are better, faster fingering for the scales used in that music, and a brighter sound. While the fingering is excellent in many keys, it is clumsy in others, so to cover more . It was used widely for book illustrations and postcards. Albicocco(Italian m.) apricot- tree. Albigenser(German m.) Albigensian. Albigenserkreuzzug(German m.) Albigensian crusade. Albigensianor Cathars, a heretical movement found in Germany, Italy and France in the 1. Gods, one of good and one of evil. Albinismus(German m.) albinism. Albino (m.), Albina (Spanish f.)(English, Spanish, Italian m., German m.) an animal or person lacking pigment in skin, eyes and hairalbino (m.), albina (Spanish f.)(Spanish) albino. Albino- (German) albino (prefix)Albionan ancient and poetic name for Britain. Albisiphonbass (in C) and baritone/tenor (in F) flutes built by Abelardo Albisi (1. The flute in C was built in 1. La Parisina by Glauco Meriggioli (1. That instrument has a very large bore (3. The keys are based on the Boehm system with a closed G# and a foot to add a low B. The three section instrument has a novel T- shaped and coiled head joint allowing the instrument to be held vertically - see picture. Albo(Italian m.) resiter, album. Albokatraditional Basque autochtonous horn built out of cane, wood or animal horn with a double reed, like a clarinet and formed of two tubes, one with five holes, and the other with three. One end contains a mouthpiece made of horn with a holder for the two reeds while the other end is made of a larger horn which acts as a resonator. The player uses circular breathing so that it is not necessary to stop playing in order to take a breath. Traditionally, the albok is played accompanied by a pandero (tambourine)Alb. Similar to the origin of the progressive rock radio format, album- oriented rock took advantage of the new availability of stations on the FM spectrum in the 1. Indeed in many places the AOR format was a conservative evolution of the progressive rock format. Traditionally, the woman has a piece of tissue between her legs while the man dances with a lit candle trying to light the tissue. If the man can light the woman's fire, that means that she is his. Alcaucil(Spanish m.) artichoke. Alcayata(Spanish f.) hook. Alcazaba(Spanish f.) fortress. Alc. The libretto was written by Ranieri de Calzabigi (in Italian) and based on the play Alcestis by Euripidesopera. The libretto's author is unknown, but the plot is taken (like those of the Handel operas Orlando and Ariodante) from Ludovico Ariosto's Orlando furioso, an epic poem set in the time of Charlemagne's wars against Islam. The opera contains several musical sequences with opportunity for dance: these were composed for dancer Marie Sall. It was used for shoes and containers as well as fish weirs and the like. While Boulez purposefully composed his pieces to allow the performer certain liberties with regard to the sequencing and repetition of parts, Cage often composed through the application of chance operations without allowing the performer libertiesnot to be confused with . Value judgments are not in the nature of this work as regards either composition, performance, or listening. The idea of relation (the idea: 2) being absent, anything (the idea: 1) may happen. Paolo Rolli was the librettist and based the story on Ortensio Mauro's La superbia d'Alessandro. This was the first opera where Handel had cast together in the same opera the famous singers Faustina Bordoni, as Rossane, and Francesca Cuzzoni, as Lisaura. Handel made use of their real- life professional rivalry in his treatment of the story. The story is based around Alexander the Great's journey to India, where he meets Poro, the king of India. Alessandro from which this information has been taken. Aleta(Spanish f.) wing, fin (of a fish), flipper, wing (car), nostril (figurative). He later rearranged the music in the form of a cantata for mezzo- soprano, chorus, and orchestra. It has remained one of the most renowned cantatas of the 2. Alexander's Feasta choral work with music by George Frideric Handel (1. Newburgh Hamilton. Hamilton adapted his libretto from John Dryden's ode Alexander's Feast, or the Power of Music (1. Saint Cecilia's Day. Jeremiah Clarke (whose score is now lost) set the original ode to music. Handel composed the music in January 1. London in 1. 73. 6Alexander techniquethe Alexander Technique is a method that works to change (movement) habits in our everyday activities. It is a simple and practical method for improving ease and freedom of movement, balance, support and coordination. The technique teaches the use of the appropriate amount of effort for a particular activity, giving you more energy for all your activities. It is not a series of treatments or exercises, but rather a reeducation of the mind and body. The Alexander Technique is a method which helps a person discover a new balance in the body by releasing unnecessary tension. It can be applied to sitting, lying down, standing, walking, lifting, and other daily activities. Alexander- Technik(German f.) or Alexandertechnik (German f.), Alexander technique.
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